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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. When a person exhales, the Carbon dioxide is forced back via the respiratory routes. The gas is then thrown outside the body. easy enargement free penis surgery way truth about penis enlargment vimax herbal penis enlargement pills vimax buy penis enlargement pills penis elargement without pills penis enlargement before and after penile enlargement information penis enlarement before and after photo

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Crohn's disease is characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon. Most patients also experience abdominal pain and weight loss. The treatment for Crohn’s disease is similar to that of ulcerative colitis in the sense that it can be treated with sulfasalazine, mesalamine preparations, glucocorticoids and 6 mercaptopurine. Antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole can also be effective for the complications that come along with Crohn’s disease. Metronidazole is very useful in treating fitulous disease in some patients. The origin of Crohn’s disease is still a mystery in the medical world, however some researchers believe that overeating, chemical poisoning, bacterial and a lack of response by your own immune system may all be connected to Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease can often be confused with regional ileitis, which is also a severe, progressive, inflammatory disease of the bowel. Its symptoms include diarrhea with pain. Bowel movements usually contain blood, mucus and pus, brought on by the infection. What makes Crohn’s different is that it can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and does not necessarily involve constant unhealthy bowel movements, sometimes bowel movements are regular, other time they are not. No symptoms are noticeable when your Crohn’s is in remission. In fact, most patients in remission may think that they are healed. But the truth of the matter is that there is still chance for the disease to reoccur, unless you take all necessary precautions and pay close attention to your health. If surgery becomes necessary for Crohn’s your disease, you can rest assured it is a well tolerated, reasonably safe procedure, with an operative mortality rate of only 6%. Since diarrhea is one of the main symptoms of Crohn’s disease, it’s not unusual for patients to have some fissures, fistulas or thickening of the anal skin. The skin may also become swollen and discolored around the anus. Crohn’s can also bring about biochemical disturbances in the liver. Many patients hat exhibit this symptom have a family history of allergies that includes hives and asthma. Additional symptoms can include enlargement of the ends of the fingers (called clubbing), thrush in the mouth, lesions in the eyes and arthritis that effects the large joints. Even today there is no effective cure for Crohn’s disease. Although the disease may exhibit relatively mild symptoms, it still can interfere with work and your personal life. Medications that treat the disease can sometimes end up causing other problems. Many Crohn’s patients were found to be eating a similar diet — lots of refined sugars, less dietary fiber, less raw fruits and vegetables. The trouble is that sugary foods tend to contain chemical additives that influence intestinal bacteria, causing them to produce toxic substances that end up, over time, destroying the intestinal lining. This is the reason sugary foods should be avoided (or limited) by Crohn’s patients. Seasonings as well as cold liquid are also not well tolerated. It’s also common for a milk sugar mal-absorption to cause milk intolerance in most Crohn’s patients. Crohn’s disease is also believed to be responsible for providing favorable conditions where substances that produce allergic reaction can develop, especially if the Crohn’s has penetrated the lining of the bowel. If you suspect you have Crohn’s disease, you should first consult your primary care physician before taking other steps. Careful diagnosis and monitoring are the key to living comfortably with Crohn’s. penis enargement device enlargement forum free matter penis size penis enargement secret magna rx ingredients free pennis enlargement exercise vimax plastic surgery penis enlargement penile enlargement system penis enlargement fact home pnis enlargement

The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It is located just below the bladder and wraps around the urethra. The prostate gland measures 3-4 cm long and 3-5 cm in width. On average, the prostate gland weighs 20 grams. The prostate consists of approximately 30% muscular tissue while the remaining is glandular tissue. Seminal vesicles are attached to the prostate and produce material that mixes with prostatic fluid to form semen. The tubes from the testicles carry sperm to the prostate, which mixes with the seminal fluid and is ejaculated during orgasm. The prostate may increase in size as age progresses. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). More than 40% of men have an enlarged prostate by the age of 70. Enlargement of the prostate causes it to press against the urethra and weaken the flow of urine. An increase in size may indicate the condition of benign prostatic hyperplasia or a urologic condition. It need not necessarily indicate the growth of cancer cells. Benign prostatic hyperplasia does not increase the risk of prostate cancer but indicates the possibility of occurrence. Three common diseases of the prostate are benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostates and prostate cancer. Each condition affects the prostate differently. The male sex hormone, testosterone, plays an important part in the normal growth and function of the prostate gland. The testicles produce testosterone and is a concern for those diagnosed with hormone-dependent prostate cancer. As long as testosterone is produced, prostate cancer is very likely to grow and spread throughout the body. The prostate has various concentric zones, known as the anterior fibromuscular stroma, peripheral zone, central zone and transition zone. A doctor is able to examine the peripheral zone by inserting a finger in the rectum. Benign prostatic hyperplasia develops in the transition zone and grows in size. The anterior fibromuscular stroma is the anchoring point of the urethra sphincter. It does not contain any glands and hence cancer or enlargement does not usually develop there. It is essential to contact a urologist in case one experiences the symptoms to ensure early preventive care. penis enlargement pill product penis enlargement pills product vig rx penis pill best enlargement exercise penile penis enhancement picture natural penis enlargement and lengthening penile enlargment operation vig rx scam home pnis enlargement

The breast enlargement pill. It seems to be somewhat of a buzz word, if not still a little taboo to talk about, since there are still so many skeptics and naysayers who refuse to believe that any pill can enlarge a person's breasts. They are the ones that say only surgery can enlarge the female (or male) breast. While this degree of skepticism is understandable, it quite simply is not true. There are many women out there who have successfully enlarged their breasts anywhere from one half to one and two cup sizes (and even more in rare cases), by utilizing a breast enlargement pill. Take Chinese women for example. According to the American Cancer Society, China has the best breast health record worldwide. China's traditional medicine does not promote the use of mammograms or synthetic (man made) hormones such as Hormone Replacement Therapy for women lacking estrogen balance in their body as we do. Chinese women actually have numerous methods for breast enlargement and breast beauty, and it is not such a taboo subject as it is here in the U.S. Special herbal teas help increase circulation to enhance breast firmness. Herbal patches are used as well as therapeutic breast massage, acupuncture and magnet therapy for healthy breast development and maintenance. You can actually find several Chinese beauty shops that offer breast beautification and enlargement services such as breast stimulator machines and herbal creams and tinctures (formulas) to enhance bust size. It is clear that Chinese women are more open about desiring beautiful breasts and/or enlarging their size or enhancing their shape, but they are also much more willing and open to employ natural methods than have surgery, since traditional Chinese medicine has employed the use of herbal remedies and special natural methods of healing. Breast enlargement pills can take two forms. One is the more common of the two, and that is the herbal breast enlargement pill. Herbal pills actually rely on phytoestrogens, or plant derived estrogens, to facilitate stimulation of the mammary glands and produce a swelling of the breast tissue. This method works for many women, but there are some guidelines to follow, and they do not always work on every person, since it depends on the person's body, metabolism, and general interaction with the phytonutrients in the pill. The second type of breast enlargement pill is generally classified as "non herbal" in nature, and may employ a variety of methods to enlarge the breast by stimulating the gland responsible for breast development more directly, or by stimulating healthy cell regeneration. These types of pills may be animal or plant based, depending on what type you choose. The consensus seems to be that women generally respond to the non herbal breast enlargement pills better than herbal, although some women may actually respond to a comprehensive blend of herbs better than a non-herbal preparation. Again, this really depends on the individual's body type and body chemistry, their daily diet, and a host of other lifestyle habits and biological differences. Whatever method you choose, whether is be surgery or not, breast enlargement pills can really be an excellent surgery-free option to women desiring breast augmentation. Not only that, it can help "put some extra padding" on women who currently do have implants, to create a more natural look, feel and contour. penis enlagement testimonials vigrx oil pennis enlargement surgery cost penis enlargment pills review penis enlargement surgery cost penis elargement before and after photo penile enlargement pills review penis girth enargement home pnis enlargement

Sexual desire is one of the most essential and indispensable part and the most beautiful of our life. It is really very hard to hold back the desire of having sex. But there are many times when conditions do not support man for having sexual intercourse. One such condition is when the person is suffering from the problem called ‘erectile dysfunction’. This quote of ‘18 till I die’ has become a target for almost all men above forty suffering from erectile dysfunction or ED. And why not so! This is the age when the hormones are on their edge all the time and there is no problem whatsoever in doing what you want whether it is getting an erection or having sex with someone. But as the age passes, things also start to show their weaknesses. This is the time when man comes into the trap of erectile dysfunction. This ends an epoch of romance, passion and above all intimacy in relationship of couples. Not only this, because of erectile dysfunction and impotency, marriages has been wrecked, couples have split and individuals shattered. Erectile dysfunction is the inability of a man to uphold or reach an erection needed to satisfy his partner’s sexual needs. It is visible in the men in their early fifties. Generally, it is caused by damage of nerves, arteries, smooth muscles, and fibrous tissues. High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, kidney or liver disease, other vascular conditions, cigarette smoking, and too much alcohol drinking, are also in charge for restricting sufficient blood-flow into the vessels of the penis, and causing ED. It is very important to treat ED on time because it may lead to low self-esteem, sexual failure anxiety, and depression, stress and guilt and relationship clashes. Most of the men throughout the world suffering from ED now rely on a drug called viagra. It not only assists a man in getting an erection but also help in maintaining it throughout the process of intercourse. Since it’s beginning and sanctioned by FDA in 1998, brand drug viagra has been a blessing to men suffering from the trauma of erectile dysfunction. Viagra has changed the lives of millions of men suffering from ED. This modification has not only brought back sex in lives of millions of ed victims, but has also added a fresh glow in affairs giving a second chance to ignite their restrained emotions. Being the first marketed anti-ed drug, viagra is also referred as king medicine for ED. Being a king drug of ED, there is worldwide consumers of viagra amid the age set of 18-65. Viagra comes under the class of drug called phosphodiesterase inhibitors, it controls and blocks an enzyme called phosphodiesterase-5 (pde-5), and helps the smooth muscles in the penis to get relaxed and widen, and that permits additional blood to run to the penis ensuing in faster and easier erection. Scientifically speaking, viagra which is an oral therapy for ED, is the citrate salt of sildenafil, which is a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (pde5). Sildenafil is the main component of viagra, which blocks the activity of an enzyme, called phosphodiesterase type 5 (pde5), which is active in multiple tissues and cells. The effects of pde5 inhibition include improved production of nitric oxide, which is linked with enhanced functioning of the heart and blood vessels. Its dosage may fluctuate from person to person depending on the seriousness of their problem, but the most recommended dose is 50mg, some user may need the dose of 100mg if they fail to get the desired result on 50 mg pill. After consuming this pill, it may take half an hour to begin its work and the effect of single dose of viagra may last up to 4 hours. It should be taken an hour before sexual activity. But being a prescription drug it is advised and requested to take this pill as per doctor’s prescription. Viagra is not any aphrodisiac that can be used by anybody and certainly not meant for women or children. Viagra does not cure impotency and does not provide prevention from sexually transmitted diseases including aids. It is a cure only for erectile dysfunction. People using viagra may experience some mild side effects like headache, back pain, flushing, indigestion, stomach upset, diarrhea, stuffy nose, blurred vision, color blindness of blue and green, and increase light sensitivity but all these troubles become extinct away in few hours once the drug is dissolved in the blood. But, occasionally prolonged abnormal, painful erections medically known as priapism also occurs. In this case, user must consult with a doctor as soon as possible. With the advancement in technology and growing use of the Internet, now anyone can buy viagra online. Some may feel uncomfortable buying viagra from the counter directly. They can use this option of buying viagra online very effectively. Not only this, you can save your money and time ordering medicine online, as pharmacy provides viagra cheaper than normal pharmacy stores. So what are you waiting for, try viagra today and bring back all the joys of your sexual health and family life that you had been missing for so long.