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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. homemade pnis enlargement pnis enlargement excersizes easy enlarement free penis surgery way penis enlargment fact easy elargement free penis surgery way penis enargement before and after natural penis enlargment pills penis enargement without pills

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WHAT IS PEYRONIE'S DISEASE? Peyronie's disease consists of hard, fibrous tissue, called plaques, developing within the penile shaft. The plaques are hard, thickened and stiff areas, actually a kind of internal scarring. In this fibroid tissue also calcium compounds can accumulate, making the plaques even harder. The Peyronie's disease is also called cavernositis, and also sometimes plastic induration. There is probably a chronic inflammation process that leads to this scarring. The thickened area has less blood flow than normal penile tissue, and do not fill with blood and swell as the normal spongy areas in the inside of the penis. Therefore the penis swells more at the opposite side, and gets a curvature towards the side containing the plaques when erected. If the plaques are found at several places, more complex deformations will develop. The abnormal bending, twisting or swelling within the penis, often also lead to painful erections. Any man from the age of 18 and upwards can develop Peyronie's disease. The average age of men suffering from Peyronie`s disease is 50. THE SYMPTOMS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONDITION The three main characteristics of cavernositis are: - One or more small hard lumps underneath the skin, or a continuous hard, stiff and thickened area. - Abnormal bent or crooked penis when erect. All penises have some curvature, but by this disease, the penile bend increases, and one may get a very curved penis. The penis may be bent as a banana or in an angular fashion. The penile bending is most often up, but may be down, to the left side, to right or sloping. -The bending is usually to the same side as that of the hard thickened area when the penis is erected. -The hard areas in the erected penis may look like bumps, making the penis irregular. - Sometimes the penis bends greatly enough to make sexual intercourse difficult, or impossible. - Pain during erections caused by the pressure from the hard areas in the penis, or from the stretched skin at the opposite side of the penis. - One may not notice the bend immediately, as it tends to develop over one to three months and later than the hardness and stiffness of the indurations. - The plastic induration may progress and cause impotence. Sometimes the Peyroni's disease will clear up by itself, but this may take several years. THE CAUSES OF PEYRONIE¨S DISEASE The exact cause of the induration is unknown. It's not a sign of an underlying serious condition, and it is not a sexually transmitted infection. It is possible that the disease can begin with an inflammation in the penile tissue. An inflammation may be caused by an allergic or auto-immune reaction. Although the Peyronie’s disease is not an infection, an initial infection can damage the penile tissue and cause an inflammation that develops into Peyronie’s disease. Men having the inflammatory condition called Systemic Lupus Erytematosus more often get Peyronie’s disease. Vitamin E deficiency seems to be a contributing factor in causing the disease. Diabetes may cause damage of blood vessels, and if this damage occurs in the erectile bodies of the penis, Peyronie’s disease can develop. Peyronie's disease is sometimes a side effect of the drug Inderal (propanolol) used against high blood pressure. Sometimes a physical injury to the penis that causes internal bleeding, or a series of such injuries, is the initial cause. A habit of violent sexual activity may cause such injuries. It is thought that some men may have a genetic disposition to the condition. Plastic induration of the penis is not a cancer, and cannot cause cancer, however a lump or deformation in your genitals that develops, must be examined. TREATMENT OG PEYRONIE'S DISEASE Not all men with Payronie's disease require treatment. The disease sometimes go away by itself. If the condition is pronounced, it is also difficult to find a remedy that can cure every sign of the disease, but several methods can take away most penis changes associated with Peyronie's. Here is a survey of treatment methods used today. Tamoxifen - In its early stages of the disease a medication called Tamoxifen has been shown to prevent the formation of the fibrous plaque by Peyronie's disease. This drug is also used in the treatment of breast cancer, but the two conditions are not related. Vitamin E and B - Vitamin E and B is sometimes effective in easing the pain and as a treatment for the penile deformity by Peyronie's disease. Verapamil - Verapamil, often used in the treatment of high blood pressure, has been shown to decrease the size of the plaque and decrease the pain when injected directly into the plaque, and thus also improve the penis shape distortion by peyronie's disease. Shock wave therapy - Extracorporeal shock wave therapy, or ESWT, a new treatment, is being used in some hospitals for the Peyronie's disease. Although the initial results of this new approach to treat Peyronie's disease have been promising, the long-term outcome is still undetermined. Surgery - This is sometimes considered if Payroni's disease has lasted for a year or more and it hasn't progressed or regressed for at least three months. By the Nesbitt procedure one removes tissue opposite to the curve to straighten the penis. Another procedure involves putting a graft or part of a vein within the fibrous plaque to lengthen this area. In certain cases of Pyrenees disease, surgical insertion of a penile prosthesis (implant) is recommended. Radiation therapy - This treatment modality has been tried, but the results are unpredictable and sometimes the opposite of the intended one. Traction devices - On the market, you can buy mechanical devices to use on the penis some time daily that gently pull upon the penile tissue to straighten out the penis, and thus mending the penis from the curvature caused by Peyronie's disease. free pennis enlargement penile enlargement surgery natural penis enlarement exercise top penile enlargement pills top penis enargement pills penile enlargment system top rated penis enhancement pills natural penis enlarement free natural penile enlargment

Viagra, the erectile dysfunction (ED) drug has become a craze for teenagers. Teenage boys regularly opt for ED drug for improvising their sexual performance and machismo. Most of the time, they get hold of the drug through online pharmacies without prescription. An increasing use of Viagra is noticed by teenagers at a party or local club. It’s surprising that Viagra, the older man's drug, has earned a place among hard-partying youth. It has gone recreational practically without anyone noticing. A huge number of younger men take it in the hopes of enhancing performance and endurance as far as sex is concerned. This growing trend in youth is becoming a cause of concern as it can cause severe damage to the health of its users. The worst part about this current trend is that teenage boys and 20-something guys are taking Viagra with club drugs such as Ecstasy. Although Ecstasy can boost energy and provide the desired high, it lessens a male's ability to have an erection alike alcohol which also does the same thing to a man's sexual abilities. With the usage of Viagra for a drug cocktail restores virility because the prescription drug's main biological action is to increase the nitric oxide production needed to encourage blood flow to the penis. The result is that a lot of young guys-and more than a few in their 30s, 40s and beyond-are suddenly more able to have sex when it is least advisable. Viagra works for four to six hours, which only extends the time to make unwise late-night decision, such as not using a condom which can often lead to sexual infections such as HIV (AIDS) and genital herpes. Another problem with Viagra use is that some men-usually older males-might unwittingly mix nitroglycerin heart medicine and the sexual function drug. This combination can create potential blood pressure irregularities. So it’s wiser to use the ED drug for treating ED only otherwise it can prove fatal for the health of its users. pro fitness health solution free pnis enlargement video penis enlarement penile enlargment tip penis enlarement pills product easy enhancement free penis surgery way penis enlarement drug vimax top penis enlargement pills free natural penile enlargment

A fiery debate has long raged in the medical profession on whether male menopause actually exists and what, if any, is its effect on male sexual performance. The questions are many. If it really does exist, at what age will it begin to affect their sexual performance? What precautions can be taken to avoid its arrival and are there treatments to help reverse it? If it's real, how does it differ from female menopause? It's a no-brainer that men go through sexuality changes as they age, just as women do. The erection-on-demand performance they enjoyed as teens is no longer the case at age forty. Little by little as they age, men begin to notice changes in their sexual performance as the urge for sex also lessens. As they age, it takes longer for men to get an erection to come on and the penis requires more direct stimulation to get and stay aroused. The erection may also be angled, rather than straight and rigid and ejaculation may not be as forceful. Also, the time it takes between erections gets longer. Rather than physical, the decrease in a man's sexual performance could also be due to psychological factors like a mid-life crisis. His waning sexual performance could be blamed on any number of external factors. It could be due to lack of interest in an aging wife who isn't the babe she was ten years ago, the stress of work, demands of growing children, or financial difficulties, even worries about caring for aging parents. So how do you differentiate between a mid-life crisis and male menopause? A mid-life crisis is more a problem of psycho-social adjustment, meaning it may have nothing to do with a man's sex life. However, male menopause is distinctly physiological in nature, similar in many ways to female menopause. Because frequently men can have both physical and psychological factors affecting them, the line between male menopause and mid-life crisis becomes hazy. Although menopause is most often associated with women, men experience a different type of menopause or 'life change.' Where women cease to menstruate and usually can no longer get pregnant, men can continue to father children. Symptoms of menopause in both men and women are similar and can sometimes be just as overwhelming. As reported in Andrology: The Science of Dysfunctions of the Male Reproductive System, approximately 40% of men between 40 and 60 will experience some degree of lethargy, depression, irritability, mood swings, hot flashes, insomnia, decreased sex drive, weakness, loss of both lean body mass and bone mass, making them susceptible to hip fractures, and difficulty in attaining and sustaining erections (impotence). Testosterone (male sex hormone) stimulates sexual development in male infants, bone and muscle growth in adult males and also controls sex drive and male sexual performance. The levels of testosterone diminish gradually after age 40. In healthy males age 55, the amount of testosterone is significantly lower than 10 years earlier, and by 80 decreases to pre-puberty levels. In 1944 what is now described as male menopause was reported in a key article written by two American doctors, Carl Heller and Gordon Myers. Comparing symptoms with that of female menopause, they did a blind controlled trial showing the effectiveness of testosterone treatment. But like many pioneering efforts their findings were vastly unreported due to men being unwilling to accept that they could have 'menopause,' while men with genuine symptoms and sexual dysfunctions were often told it was a mid-life crisis or just in their heads. Around the same time testosterone therapy had come into disrepute in the public eye due to athletes misuse and abuse. So the concept of male hormone replacement therapy for male menopause symptoms, impotence, or sexual performance problems wasn't very well received. Added to that, the hype about side effects and the tie between prostate cancer and hormone replacement further negated its acceptance by many men. Only after HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) became popular and produced desirable results for women, providing tangible improvement in symptoms and 'age reversal' in post-menopausal women, did men begin to take notice and jump on the bandwagon, not wanting to get left behind their female counterparts. penis enlargment natural pennis enlargement technique vigrx pic pnis enlargement forum penile enlargement before and after natural penis enlargment do pnis enlargement pills really work natural penis enlarement technique free natural penile enlargment

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